NAUDINGOS STRATEGIJOS ŽODYNO MOKYMUI/MOKYMUISI
Strategijos beveik nereikalaujančios išankstinio pasiruošimo: Informacijos trūkumas (Lane 2011: 124). Mokytoja(s) išrenka iš teksto tam tikrą skaičių naujų žodžių, priklausomai nuo to, kiek yra mokinių, ir kiekvienam skiria po vieną žodį (jeigu žodžių mažiau nei mokinių, tas pats žodis gali būti skiriamas keliems mokiniams). Mokiniai, naudodamiesi žodynais, randa žodžių reikšmes/apibrėžimus ir žodžių formas, pvz. daiktavardį, veiksmažodį, būdvardį ir prieveiksmį (prieklausomai nuo to, koks žodis duotas). Be to, kiekvienas mokinys parašo po sakinį su jam skirtu žodžiu. Gali būti leidžiama perrašyti pavyzdžius iš žodyno. Tuomet kiekvienas mokinys moko to žodžio, formų ir pavyzdžių kitus mokinius tol, kol visi gaus žinių apie visus naujus žodžius. Jeigu nėra tam laiko, galima tiesiog leisti mokiniams speti žodžių reikšmes iš konteksto. Sumaišymas (Lane 2011: 124). Kiekvienas mokinys gauna po tris korteles su skirtingais žodžiais. Mokiniai turi sugalvoti klausimus su jais. Klausimai turi būti tokie, kuriuos galėtų užduoti kitiems mokiniams. Kai visi klausimus parašo, vienas kitam užduoda savo sugalvotus klausimus. Žaidimas su sąvaržėlėmis (Lane 2011: 124). Kiekvienas mokinys gauna kortelę su skirtingu žodiu. Ne taip kaip anksčiau aptartose veiklose, čia svarbu, kad kiekvienas gautų skirtingą žodį. Kiekvienas mokinys taip pat gauna po dešimt sąvaržėlių. Kitoje kortelės su žodžiu pusėje kiekvienas mokinys užrašo to žodžio apibrėžimą. Tada kiekvienas laiko kortelę priešais save, kad žodis būtų aiškiai matomas, o mokiniai turi pasakyti vienas kito žodžių apibrėžimus be jokios pagalbos. Jeigu mokinys pasako apibrėžimą teisingai, gauna vieną sąvaržėlę, o jeigu negali to padaryti, atiduoda vieną savo sąvaržėlę. Tas, kuris surenka daugiausiai sąvaržėlių, laimi žaidimą. Žaidime nebūtina naudoti vieną žodį. Galima naudoti kolokacijas ir t.t. Kas aš? (Lane 2011: 124). Kiekvienam mokiniui reikės kortelės su vienu mokomu žodžiu. Svarbu, kad mokiniai gautų skirtingus žodžius. Taip pat reikės lipnios juostelės, nes kortelės su žodžiais turi būti priklijuojamos mokiniams ant nugaros. Mokiniai išsimaišo klasėje ir užduoda vienas kitam klausimus, kad atspėtų savo žodį, kuris jam/jai priklijuotas ant nugaros. Kiekvienas atspėjęs savo žodį eina prie mokytojo(s) ir gauna naują žodį, kuris vėl priklijuojamas. Daugiausiai žodžių atspėjęs mokinys laimi. Strategijos, reikalaujančios šiek tiek išankstinio pasiruošimo: Diktantas (Lane 2011: 125). Mokytojas sau pasirašo dešimt klausimų, kurių kiekviename yra po naują žodį. Tada klausimai padiktuojami mokiniams. Kiekvienas klausimas skaitomas po du kartus. Baigus rašyti, mokiniai suskirstomi poromis ir palygina savo parašytus klausimus. Tada kiekvienas klausimas paskiriamas skirtingiems mokiniams, kurie užrašo klausimus lentoje. Visa klasė tikrina. Tada mokiniai išsimaišo ir vienas kitam uždavinėja klausimus ir į juos atsako. Diktavimas vienų kitiems (Lane 2011: 125). Mokytoja(s) užrašo dešimt klausimų arba sakinių, kurių kiekviename yra po naują žodį, ir juos priklijuoja skirtingose klasės vietose. Kopijų turi būti padaroma tiek, kad užtektų pusei klasės. Tam tikras sakinių/klausimų sąrašas paskiriamas tam tikrai porai ir turi būti pakankamai toli nuo jos, kad tų sakinių/klausimų nebūtų galima perskaityti sėdint savo vietoje. Kiekvienas mokinys iš poros po vieną nueina prie sąrašo, perskaito sakinį/klausimą, o grįžęs į porą jį iš atminties padiktuoja kitam mokiniui. Taip mokiniai diktuoja vienas kitam. Laimi pora, kuri užrašo visus sakinius be klaidų.
Strategijos, reikalaujančios kruopštesnio išankstinio pasiruošimo: Žaidimų lenta (Lane 2011: 125). Mokytojas sukuria žaidimų lentą, kurioje kiekvienas kvardratas turi po klausimą su mokomu žodžiu. Klausimai gali būti susiję su kolokacijomis; taip pat tai gali būti bendro pobūdžio klausimų ar net sakinių, kuriuos mokinys turi identifikuoti kaip taisyklingus ar netaisyklingus ir juos ištaisyti. Kryžiažodis (Lane 2011: 125). Mokytojas sukuria kryžiažodį iš dešimties ar dvidešimties žodžių, priklausomai nuo to, kiek laiko norima skirti jo paruošimui ir sprendimui, ir kiek naujų žodžių mokoma ar tikrinama. Vienas mokinys poroje gauna A variantą su puse žodžių kryžiažodyje, o kitas B variantą su kita puse. Mokytojas neduoda užuominų į trūkstamus žodžius. Mokiniai vienas kitam bando apibūdinti trūkstamus žodžius, kad kitas mokinys, esantis poroje, juos atspėtų. Praleisti žodžiai (Lane 2011: 125). Mokytojas nukopijuoja tekstą ir baltu korektoriumi užtušuoja kai kuriuos naujai mokomus/tikrinamus žodžius. Tada padaromos kopijos mokiniams, o jie turi užpildyti tai, kas praleista. Sąvokų žemėlapis (Krigere 2012: 11). Mokiniams duodama kokia nors tema, o jie grupelėmis nusprendžia, kokius žodžius galima priskirti tai temai ir užrašo juos lentoje. Tada mokinių paprašoma juos sugrupuoti ir nupiešti sąvokų žemėlapį/medį. Sudėk taisyklinga tvarka (Krigere 2012: 10). Mokiniams (su skaidrėmis, paveikslėliais ar pan.) pristatomas tam tikras procesas, pvz. tam tikro produkto (šokolado) gaminimas ar paruošimas. Pristatomi su tuo susiję žodžiai. Mokinių klausiama, kokius žodžius reikėtų priskirti tam tikriems gamybos/paruošimo etapams (pirmąjį pasako mokytojas). Etapai ir jiems priskirtini žodžiai užrašomi lentoje. Mokiniams duodama laiko tuos žodžius įsiminti, o tada jie nuvalomi. Mokinių klausima įvardinti tam tikro etapo, pažymėto skaičiumi, žodį. Literatūra Lane, S. Instant Academic Skills. A Resource Book of Advanced – Level Academic Skills Activities. Cambridge: CUP, 2011. 124-125. Krigere, Gunta. “Teaching CLIL in Primary and Secondary Schools”. http://aeclil.altervista.org/Sito/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Module-Description4.pdf. 10-11.
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Istorija/ pilitinis ugdymas/ Dorinis ugdymas |
Fizika/Chemija/Biologija/ Geografija |
Ekonomika |
Kūno kultūra |
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Matematika |
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Origin
adjective: late 14th century, from Latin abstractus “ drawn away,” past participle of abstrahere, from ab(s) – “away” + trahere “draw”. Meaning “withdrawn or separated from material objects or practical matters” is from 1500s – specifically in reference to the fine arts, it dates from 1915. Abstract expressionism from 1952. noun: sense of “a smaller quantity containing the virtue or power of a greater” [Johnson] is recorded from 1560s; meaning “summary of a document” is from 1520s. verb: first recorded 1540s. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
Adjective
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------------ Stealing summarizing consider real theoretical ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1. After _______ the main arguments, she asked us to vote. 2. The course is designed to be practical rather than _______ . 3. Johnny was accused of _______ from the shop. 4. The jury went out to _______ its verdict. 5. I had never met a _______ live pop star before.
Origin
verb: early 15th century, from Middle French, from Latin abusare, from Latin abusus, past participle of abuti “use up” also “ misuse,” from ab –“away” + uti “use”. noun: first recorded mid-15th century, from French abus (14c). (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------------------ mistreated insult curses harm injury ------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. They called down _______ on their enemies. 2. The animals used in the film are in no way _______ . 3. Eating sweets doesn’t do children any _______ . 4. Such low wages are an _______ to hard-working employees. 5. She has recovered from _______ sustained in the accident.
Origin
verb: late 14th century, “to make straight,” from Old French addresser (13th century), from Vulgar Latin addirectiare “make straight,” from Latin ad “to” + directiare, from Latin directus “straight, direct”. Meaning “to direct spoken words (to someone)” is from late 15th century. Meaning in English expanded in 17thc.-18thc. to the notion of directing something, as a letter “straight” to where somebody lives. noun: to send as a “written message” is from 1630, which led to noun senses of “superscription of a letter” (1712) and “place of residence” (1888). Noun sense of “formal letter” is from 1751. related: addressee (1810). (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
--------------------------------------------------------------- goal call in reference destination address ---------------------------------------------------------------
1. Would you help me to _______ these envelops? 2. The title is apparently a _______ to a singer’s brother. 3. Our _______ is to provide a good standard of medical care. 4. He traveled a lot, but his _______ was Paris. 5. The friends had to _______ the police to help.
Origin
verb: c.1300, from Old French allier “combine, unite”, from differentiated stem of aleier (source of alloy), from Latin alligare “bind to”. noun: c.1600 in the sense “one united with another by treaty or league,” from the verb alliance, c.1300, from Old French alliance, from alier “combine, unite”. Originally of union by marriage. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- support agreement alliance collaborated incorporate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. _______ is a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes. 2. He tried to _______ into a society. 3. He _______ with the Nazis before and during World War II. 4. Can he _______ a family? 5. It was a mutual _______ .
Origin
verb: c.1200, “to shut, cover in,” from Old French clos; from Latin clauses. adjective: early 14th century, “strictly confined,” also “secret” from Old French clos “confined”, from Latin clauses, sense shifting near late 15th century. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical function
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
----------------------------------------------------------------- shut- down complete nearly similar soon -----------------------------------------------------------------
1. The government decided to _______ the old factory. 2. They’ve spent _______ six million dollars. 3. If we don’t leave _______, we’re going to miss our train. 4. I need three more words to _______ the puzzle. 5. We have _______ hobbies and interests.
Origin
adjective: late 14th century, from Latin compactus “concentrated,” past participle of compingere “to put together,” from com + pangere “to fasten,” “to shut away”. noun: “agreement,” 1591, from Latin compactum. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
Adjective
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
----------------------------------------------------------------------- containers enlarged combined unify concentrate -----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Women use small _______ for face- powder. 2. The teacher tried to _______ students’ attention on a problem. 3. Send the photos back to the lab to be _______ . 4. They are trying to find a candidate who will _______ all the members of the party. 5. She _______ all the ingredients to make the dough.
Origin
verb “to put together”, late 14th century, from Old French compon(d)re “arrange, direct”, from Latin componere “to put together.” The –d appeared 1500s on model of expound. adjective: c.1400. noun: meaning “a compound thing” is from 1530. “Compound sentence” is from 1772. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------------ magnify multiplied synthesis connected blend -----------------------------------------------------------------
1. Within the last 20 years, the profit _______ . 2. _______ a little red paint with the blue paint. 3. A complex whole formed by combining is called _______ . 4. To _______ is to increase the apparent size of, as lens does. 5. The telephone operator _______ us.
Origin
verb: c.1400, from Latin conductus, past participle of conducere “ to lead or bring together,” verb sense of “convey” is from early 15th century. noun: sense of “behaviour” is first recorded 1670s. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------- manners deals care for directed behave ------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Sit up, blow your nose, and _______ yourself. 2. Botany _______ with the study of plants. 3. She has lovely _______ . 4. History is _______ by the men, who make it. 5. Will you _______ the children while I am away?
Origin
noun: dates from mid-15th century. Phrase conflict of interests was in use by 1743. verb: c. 1430, Latin conflictus “to strike together,” from com-“together” + fligere “to strike”. Psychological sense of “incompatible urges in one person” is from 1859. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- argument contest contradicts disagree fight ---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Teenagers and their parents often _______ . 2. Her account of the accident _______ that of the other driver. 3. They won’t accept higher prices without an _______ . 4. A _______ between the two-rated tennis players in the world was very interesting. 5. If people or animals _______, they hit, kick or bite each other.
Origin
verb: early 14th century, from Latin contractus, past participle of contrahere “to draw together,” metaphorically, “to make a bargain,” from com – “together” + trahere “to draw.” Noun came first, then verb and variant meaning “become narrowed, get smaller,” especially of a withered limb (both 17th century). U.S. underworld slang sense of “arrangement to kill someone” first recorded 1940. related: contracting (1580). (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- commitment declaration negotiated infected arrange ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Keep away from anyone who may be _______ . 2. The government will continue its _______ to pensioners. 3. He posted the _______ in a public place. 4. He tried to _______ the details of a meeting. 5. They _______ an important business deal.
Origin
verb: early 15th century, from Middle French engagier, from Old French en gage “under pledge,” from en “make” + gage “pledge”, through Frankish from Proto-Germanic wadiare “pledge” (showing the common evolution). Specific sense of “promise to marry” first recorded 1727. related: engaged noun: engagement: 1630s. “formal promise”, from engage + ment. Meaning “battle, fight” is from 1660s; marriage sense is from 1742; meaning “appointment” is from 1806.(Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Verb
Adjective
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
--------------------------------------------------------------------- undertake employs involved occupied took up --------------------------------------------------------------------
1. More than one person is _______ in this crime. 2. She _______ sewing in her spare time. 3. The sponsors _______ that the candidate they propose meets all the requirements. 4. He _______ himself by reading after work. 5. Photography _______ much of his time.
Origin
noun: 1526, from Middle French entrance, from entrer. Originally “act of entering” sense of “door, gate” first recorded in England 1535. verb: 1593 “to throw into a trance”, from en-“put in”+ trance. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
---------------------------------------------------------------- accept entry door access to be attracted to ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Se is old enough _______ to boys. 2. They have _______ to the files. 3. I don’t _______ an apology. 4. She made her _______ into the room surrounded by her relatives. 5. Mike went through the _______ .
Origin
verb: early 14th century, from Anglo-French enress-, from Old French encreiss-, from Latin increscere “to increase” from in-“in” +crescere “to grow.” Latin spelling restored 15th century. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
----------------------------------------------------------- addition plus multiplied boost amplify -----------------------------------------------------------
1. There’s been a tremendous _______ in food prices. 2. The process of uniting two or more numbers into one sum is called _______ . 3. Within the last 15 years, both sale and profits have _______ . 4. If we make sounds louder, we _______ . 5. You have to pay back $ 150 a month _______ interest.
Origin
verb: Old English menan “to mean, to tell, say, complain,” from West Germanic mainijanan (compare Old Frisian mena, Dutch menem, Ger. meinen “ to think, suppose, be of the opinion”), from Proto-Indo European meino – “opinion, intent: (compare Oscal meniti “ to think, have an opinion,” Old Irish miam “wish, desire,” Welsh mwyn “enjoyment”), probably from base men – “think”. adjective: “low-quality,” Old English gemene “common, general, universal, shared by all,” from Protp Germanic ga-mainiz “possessed jointly” (compare Old Frisian mene, Middle Low German gemeine, Dutch gemeen, Ger. gemein, Goth gamain “common,” from Proto-Indo European ko-moin-i “held in common”) a compound adjective formed from collective prefix ko- “together”, suffixed from of Proto-Indo European base –mein- “to change, exchange”. Second element in common, a word whose sense evolution parallels that of mean (adj.). Meaning “inferior, poor” emerged c. 1300; that “stingy, nasty” first recorded 1660s; weaker sense of “disobliging, pettily offensive” is from 1839, originally Amer. Engl. slang. Inverted sense of “remarkably good” first recorded c.1900; “not average” first recorded 1590s. noun: “that which is halfway between extremes,” early 14th century from Old English meien, from Latin medianus “that is in the middle”. Oldest sense is musical. Sense of “so-so, mediocre” led to confusion with mean (adj.). Means “course of action,” late 14th century, from mean (noun). Sense of “wealth” is first recorded c. 1600. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
Adjective
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------------------- good- tempered rude indicates technique explain -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. He is always happy about everything, he is a _______ child. 2. How can you _______ such a silly remark? 3. Her hesitation _______ unwillingness. 4. It was a _______ reply. 5. Some shops developed a useful _______ for dealing with difficult customers.
Origin
adjective: late 15th century, Middle French mobile, from Latin mobilis “movable,” from movere “to move.” noun: early 15th century, in astronomy. mobile home first recorded 1940. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Adjective
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------------------- flexible movable portable changing mobile home -------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Accountancy can offer _______ working hours. 2. _______ is a large Caravan that people live in. 3. A _______ computer is easily carried by hand. 4. A _______ stage can be moved from one place to another. 5. A small phone that you can carry around with you is a _______ phone.
Origin
noun: late 14th century “tangible thing, something perceived or presented to the senses,” from Middle Latin objectum “thing put before” ( the mind of sight); verb: c.1400, “to bring forward in opposition” from Latin objectus, past partciple obicere “to cite as grounds of disapproval” neut. of Latin objectus, past participle of obicere “ to present, oppose, cast in the way,” from ob “against” + jacere “to throw.” Sense of “thing aimed at” is late 14th century. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
-------------------------------------------------------------- target destination opposed protested item --------------------------------------------------------------
1. What is the _______ of that letter? 2. _______ is a goal to be reached. 3. There were 60 _______ on the list. 4. Workers _______ against high unemployment. 5. They _______ a resolution in a debate.
Origin
noun: early 13th century, “thing offered, gift,” from Old French present. verb: late 13th century, “to bring into a presence” from Old French presenter; in phrase “en present” (to offer) “in the presence of,” mettre en present “place before, give,” from Latin inpraesent “face to face.” adjective: c.1300, “existing at the time,” Old French present (11century), from Latin “present immediate, prompt.” Meaning “being there” is from mid-14cth century. Meaning “this point in time” (opposed to past and future) is attested from 1500. Presentable “suitable in appearance” first attested 1800.(Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Adjective
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
------------------------------------------------------------------- gift in progress immediate introduce informed -------------------------------------------------------------------
1. There doesn’t seem to be any _______ danger. 2. I’d like to _______ my husband, his name is Alec. 3. I got a _______ for my birthday. 4. He _______ them of his arrival. 5. The meeting was already _______ .
Origin
verb: late 15th century, from Latin producere “lead or bring forth, draw out,” from pro –“forth” + ducere “to bring, lead.” Originally sense of “bring into being” is first recorder 1510; that of “to put” (play on stage) is from 1580s. noun: “thing or things produced” is 1690s, from the verb, and was originally accented like it. Specific sense of “agricultural productions” is from 1745.(Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
---------------------------------------------------------------- production create goods perform displayed ----------------------------------------------------------------
1. He wanted to _______ in the role of Romeo. 2. _______ is something that is made, grown in large quantities. 3. Music _______ a relaxing atmosphere. 4. She _______ her paintings at the local arts exhibition. 5. A shop specializing in leather _______ .
Origin
The way we measure the space between two straight lines came into English in the 14th century from a French word. Its origin is in the Latin word angulus, which means corner. Angle meaning to fish comes from the Old English word angil, angul, a fish-hook. At the time angle came into English as a word used for a measurement, the word for a fish-hook was angel. There was no confusion with heavenly beings, because one of those was called an engel, the Old English word from a Latin word angelus. Meanwhile, the Angles were one of the tribes that invaded Britain in the 5th century. Their name forms part of Anglo-Saxon, denoting the people whose language gave rise to English. It is also found in the part of England still called East Anglia. They came from an area of the country we now call Germany. The Romans called them Anglus because the land from which they came was said to be shaped like a fish-hook. Sailing in small boats round the Danish peninsula, from west to east, negotiating the overall shape as well as the twists and turns, could give this impression. When Pope Gregory I (560–604) saw a group of Anglo-Saxon child-slaves being offered for sale, he was struck by their beauty, and commented, Nam et angelicum habent faciem, ‘For they have the faces of angels’. In popular folklore, this has become, Non Angli, sed Angeli, ‘Not Angles, but angels’. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
Meaning the edge of a river or a raised area of ground, bank came into English in the 12th century. It was adapted from Scandinavian words like Swedish backe and Danish banke. In Middle English, bank meant a mound or a shore. Bonk meant mound of earth. One of the best loved references to this type of bank is in Oberon's song in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream: I know a bank where the wild thyme blows, Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows, Quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine, With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine; There sleeps Titania sometime The word for a financial institution came into English in the 15th century, adapted from such words as Italian bance and French banque. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
verb: to speak. This might have come into English in about the 14th century from Dutch and German words meaning to make known, to show. adjective: total, complete. Originally from Old English utera, meaning ‘outer’, it seems to have taken on the meaning of total, complete, in about 15th century. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Verb
Adjective
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
Middle English sesoun from 13th century seson from Latin serere, to sow relate to seseli, plant. The seasons of the year were related to seedtime and harvest, sowing and reaping. To season, as in adding herbs to food, comes from a directly related source: 16th century French saisonner. Modern French for season, as a time of the year, is saison, for to season food is assaisonner. There has been very little change in these two related words in their short life in English. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
In Old English, raw, ræw, and in Middle English rawe, rowe, meant line, series, row. They are related to Old High German riga, line, and words in other European languages. Modern German Reihe means row, rank, line. Old English rowan meant to row a boat. In Middle English, it became rowen. Related to Middle High German rüejen, it became rudern in modern German. Row as a noisy quarrel came into use in the 18th century. Most dictionaries indicate ‘uncertain origin’ but one or two relate it to the word rouse, in the sense of a drunken uproar. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
noun: “one sixtieth of a minute”, late 14th century, from seconde, from Middle Latin secunda, short for secunda pars minuta “second diminished part”, the result of the second division of the hour by sixty; the first being preminute now called the minute, from Latin secunda .Shortened from sec first recorded 1860. verb: “to further, to support,” 1586, “to support or represent in a duel, fight,” from Middle French seconder, from Latin secundare “to assist, make favorable.” The verb in the parliamentary tense is first recorder 1597. adjective: “after first”c.1300, from Old French second, from Latin secundus “following next in order,” from root of sequi “follow.” Replaced native other, in this sense because of the ambiguousness of the earlier word. secondhand is from 1474; second-rate is from 1669; second-sight is from 1616. second nature, 1390, from Latin secundum naturam “according to nature.” From medieval Aristotelian philosophy, contrasted to phenomena that were super naturam (such as God’s nature). (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical function
Noun
Adjective
Verb
Adverb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- second- nature following second-rate second-hand second-best -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. See the _______ for an explanation of this theory. 2. He is a _______ poet. 3. He bought the guitar _______ . 4. Next to the best in performance, achievement is _______ . 5. A love of the outdoor life is _______ to him.
Origin
noun: “water from the eye,” Old English tear, from earlier teahor. Tear gas first recorded 1917. The noun meaning “act of tearing” is attested from 1666. verb: “pull apart,” Old English teran (past tense). The Old English past tense survived long enough to get into Bible translation as tare before giving place 17th century to tore, which is from the old toren. Sense of “to pull by force” is attested from 1297. The Old English verb did not survive in Middle English, the modern verb is attested from c.1650, mainly in American English. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical function
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
VOCABULARY BUILDER
Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
--------------------------------------------------------- sobbing damage separate cut tear up ---------------------------------------------------------
1. She tried to _______ the document. 2. The storm did considerable _______ to the crops. 3. Steve _______ his finger. 4. They decided to _______ two fields by a fence. 5. Her eyes were full of tears, she was _______ .
Origin
The word for the meat came into English in the 13th century as boef, bef, from Old French boef. The modern French word for cow is very similar. It has its source in the Latin bos, bovis. So that's where we get our word bovine! The earlier Old English words for the meat were related to cu, cow. Dictionaries tell us that the use of the same word for to complain or grumble comes from USA farming slang in the 19th century. However, a different story is told by an 18th century of English slang, where to beef was to shout, to yell, particularly at an actor on stage. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
The footwear word came into English in the 14th century from Old French bote. Its earlier history is not known for certain, but it might be related to butt, meaning something blunt and stumpy. It use for the luggage compartment of a car derives from the word used from the 16th century for an open area on a coach where attendants would sit or stand. It was also used for the space beneath a seat where luggage could be stored. The origin of this usage seems to be lost in the mists of time. Perhaps it related to the idea that a boot was a sort of container. But how is it that we boot up a computer? Well, footwear comes into this one, too. In the 19th century, a bootstrap was attached to a boot to help in pulling it on. To bootstrap was to go through the first part of the procedure of putting on one's boots. In the early 1960s, the term was adopted to denote the process of getting a computer ready for work. Boot used to have another meaning related to ‘advantage’ or to something given as extra to what was already there. An example of this usage could be in a statement such as, ‘This food is rich and tasty, and colourful to boot’. In this case, boot comes from Old English bot, benefit, compensation. Middle English had bote, meaning remedy, repair. They are related to Old High German buoza, improvement. This use of boot appears as early as about 725 AD in the saga Beowulf, chapter 14: Ðæt wæs ungeara þæt ic ænigra me weana ne wende to widan feore bote gebidan... It was but recently that I was in great misery [despair of ever] receiving a remedy It appears in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, e.g., ‘The Squire's Tale’: She shal eek knowe, and whome it wol do boote She shall soon know, and whom it will cure. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
verb: to check a number of things in sequence to see how many there are. Adopted into English in the 13th century from Old French conter. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Verb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
adjective: even, level, smooth. (Check other meanings in your dictionary.) It came into English in the 14th century from Old Norse flatr. With similar words in other European languages it originates from the Greek word platus. You can see that it is related to plate and plateau. noun: an apartment for accommodation in a larger building. This comes direct from Old English flett, meaning floor or house. It is related to the history of the other meaning of flat. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
Origin
adjective: even, level, smooth. (Check other meanings in your dictionary.) It came into English in the 14th century from Old Norse flatr. With similar words in other European languages it originates from the Greek word platus. You can see that it is related to plate and plateau. noun: an apartment for accommodation in a larger building. This comes direct from Old English flett, meaning floor or house. It is related to the history of the other meaning of flat. (Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010).
Grammatical functions
Noun
Adjective
Adverb
MASTERY: Sentence Combining
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